Military Aircraft Essays - Stealth Aircraft, Monoplanes,

Military Aircraft Postulation: Military airplane has gotten progressively modern in assortment, adequacy in war circumstances, and unique moving strategies in late years. Military airplane has gotten progressively complex in assortment, viability in war circumstances, and unique moving methods as of late. With the development of secrecy innovation, numerous new and viable airplane have been created. The F-117A was utilized during Operation Dessert Storm and each plane returned without a scratch. The over the top expensive B-2 top secret plane has never been utilized in real war, yet during testing it was a triumph. The Advanced Tactical Fighter program was begun to make an airplane that could supercruise, the capacity to voyage at supersonic speeds, and didn't cost a lot. The YF-22 and YF-23 were the primary planes to achieve this. With all the planes we are aware of, there are additionally top mystery programs likely going on this moment. Another contender that has never been known about has been spotted. As John Welch, the associate secretary of Air Force stated, Covertness gives us back that key component of war called shock (Goodall 9). After it was discovered that airplane could be helpful in war, it was utilized for enormous scope observation. At that point individuals began to add bombs to airplane and afterward planes began to turn into an embodiment of war. After World War 2, new aircraft were created with quick speed, and could go far separations. They could likewise convey atomic bombs and rockets. The utilization of the plane airplane at that point prompted the warrior, which was furnished with weapons and rockets. Helicopters were likewise seen as great strike airplane. They were outfitted with guns, automatic rifles, rockets, torpedoes, and an assortment of rockets. Vertical departure made the helicopter a bit of leeway. The main trip of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake test office. The all out expense for the improvement of the F-117A was just shy of two billion dollars, yet it just expense $43 million to make each plane. It got operational in October of 1983 and was the main operational covertness airplane at any point assembled. The F-117A is a night assault plane fueled by two, nonafterburning General Electric motors. F-117As were intended for first-strike capacities and to have the option to fly into any nations airspace undetected. The essential errand of the F-117A is to get through foe airspace, obliterate high worth targets, and return back safe. They were considered to initially be utilized in a few unique undertakings, yet weren't utilized until Operation Dessert Storm where they worked admirably. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, stated, Everybody presently concurs the F-117 was a genuine deal (9). During Operation Dessert Storm the F-117As were discovered to be fruitful. The war started on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A contenders entered the Iraqi airspace on their approach to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skies of Iraq and not one was lost despite the fact that they conflicted with one of the most present day air-safeguard frameworks on the planet. Activity Dessert Storm was the biggest flying shelling assault in war history. It was likewise the first run through a secrecy airplane was utilized as a principle weapon. On the principal day of Desert Storm the Lockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad decimating the most basic focuses of the Iraqi military, including the central station of the Iraqi aviation based armed forces. We've seen that in addition to the fact that stealth works, that it puts less resources in danger and spares lives (9), as Donald Rice said. The pilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest enemy of airplane rockets any pilot has ever flown through. At the point when you consider covertness, the vast majority likely consider B-2 top secret plane, however a great many people don't understand that it hasn't been utilized in a genuine war circumstance yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon requested the initial four B-2s to be worked for $2 billion. Every B-2 expense $437.4 million to manufacture. After the military preferred the aircraft, they initially requested 133 of them, at that point they slice back to 75 on account of the shortfall decrease bill. At that point, in 1992, the House of Representatives casted a ballot to purchase just twenty, and later just 15 saying that 10 would be sufficient. With four General Electric

Terry Hill Free Essays

Terry Hill, an educator at Oxford University contends that the models required in the commercial center (and recognized by showcasing) can be partitioned into two gatherings: âž ¢ A request qualifier is a trait of an item or administration that is required all together for the item/administration to try and be considered by a client. âž ¢ A request victor is a trademark that will win the offer or customer’s buy. Request victors and qualifiers are both market-explicit and time-explicit. We will compose a custom exposition test on Terry Hill or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now They work in various mixes in various ways on various markets and with various clients. While, some broad patterns exist across business sectors, these may not be steady after some time. Request Qualifier: Incase of phone organization the primary target is to guarantee legitimate correspondence. In this part a portion of the request qualifiers are Grameenphone, Robi, Citycell, Banglalink, Teletalk, Warid. Request Winner: An Order champ model relies upon the expense of the item, item quality and unwavering quality, or any of different measurements grew before. In our nation Citycell (Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited) is the principal versatile correspondences organization (since 1989) of Bangladesh. Thus it got a few needs in that time. Be that as it may, when GP (Grameephone) came into advertise in 1997 it turned into the request victor on account of its solid and reliabile organize. Grameenphone was the principal organization to present GSM innovation in Bangladesh. It likewise settled the initial 24-hour Call Center to help its supporters. It has now in excess of 28 million supporters (as of October 2010). Starting at July, 2008 Citycell has 1.67 million endorsers. Remember that the request winning and request qualifying models may change after some time. Educator Hill expresses that a firm should re-qualify the request qualifiers consistently it is ready to go. The most effective method to refer to Terry Hill, Essay models

You Arent Entitled to Anything

You Arent Entitled to Anything In this short video, Joshua Ryan talk about our inherent sense of entitlement, and why we, as people, arent entitled to anything. We know you may not always have time to listen to an entire podcast episode, so we’re posting Quickie Episodes of  The Minimalists Podcast every day on our YouTube channel. The average Quickie is less than 20 minutes and covers only a single topic or question. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Childhood And The Stages Of Adolescence Essay - 1594 Words

Have you ever eaten something you hated and as a result you were disgusted just by the smell of it, or felt a particular way about the food? Did it change the way you felt about the food after tasting it for the first time? Well, in the first few years of life new experiences greatly affect how one’s perspectives are shaped. Childhood and the stages of adolescence are significant because they are the time of one s life that plays a major role in who the individual will become in society. It largely shapes every wrong and right decision one will make throughout their lifetime. This is the time of one s life where everything they have experienced will be turned into valuable lessons. Love, or lack thereof, is one experience during these two stages of life that has the biggest impact on a person. Breakups, Divorce, forced â€Å"love†, and Single parenthood are all things that if experienced during childhood or the adolescent stage of life, can affect one s view of love and relationships ultimately deteriorating their perspective of trust. In the novel, The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, the character Geraldine is oblivious to her son, Junior, craving for love and affection, cravings which she fails to satisfy. He exhibits bad behavior due to the neglect, and as an attempt to turn his mother s love towards him, he decided to destroy the one thing his mother shows affection towards, a cat. Every chance Junior had to make the cat suffer he took it. One day Junior became soShow MoreRelatedGender Differences On Negative Emotions During The Childhood And Adolescence Stages Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong and calm, showing anger if necessary† (Chaplin Aldao, 2013). Before this study, there were only empirical reviews of happiness expression. There has been no empirical review of gender differences on negative emotions during the childhood and adolescence stages. â€Å"Learning is a key feature of healthy social emotional development† (Chaplin Aldao, 2013). As stated in the article, an infant communicates through a series of emotions when it needs something, like when the child is hungry or whenRead MoreEssay Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development1026 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle childhood, is a very exciting time for young children from the ages of seven to twelve years old. It’s known as the school years and new social and cognitive traits are being learned at home and at school. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory found this to be the latentcy period in which no much happens. He described this because children at this age sexual and aggressive urges are repressed (Stages of Growth Development, 1898-1987). This pap er will also discuss the changes from middleRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stages of childhood to adolescence, and how a child and adolescence copes with nature and nurture . Family is of great importance to having a functional or dysfunctional development; it will help or impede the child to have a support system in place. TheRead MoreUnderstanding Youth And Adolescence Fall Into Five Main Perspectives Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesDiffering perspectives towards defining youth and adolescence fall into five main perspectives which help to portray and provide a thorough guide to gain an understanding on what is youth and adolescence. The perspectives are psychological sociological philosophical biological and cultural Youth and adolescence are words which often get confused with each other. The term can get crossed over with one another as they cover a timeframe that is sometimes viewed as the same transition period. PierreRead MoreMiddle Childhood and Adolescence Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Childhood and Adolescence Development PSY/375 1-24-11 Deborah Wilkerson Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development Changes in Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood and Adolescence Statistics say that in the stages in middle adolescence 30% of the child’s social life and interactions there are a great stage of peer pressure. These results were compared to the 10% that is experienced during the early childhood. They show that they are competent by demonstrating Read MoreMiddle Childhood and Adolescence1048 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Childhood and Adolescence Kierra Williams PSY/280 October 30, 2012 Mara Husband Middle Childhood and Adolescence Middle childhood is the period of life that occurs between the ages 7 and 11. During these times of children lives they are in school and are making many different friends, and their cognitive and physical skills are enhancing. On the other hand, middle childhood period normally introduce individuals into new sets of challenges; not only for the child but for the parentsRead MoreAdolescent Stages of Development1500 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 yearsRead MoreMiddle Childhood Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle Childhood and Adolescence University of Phoenix Human Growth and Development Jeanette Merchant August 17, 2010 Middle Childhood and Adolescence Stable and supportive families are crucial during middle childhood and adolescence development stage. Supportive family members and friends improve social development. The major change that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence is emotional maturation. During middle childhood stage, children develop more independence fromRead MoreDiscuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures1117 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures. Adolescence describes the transitional stage in a teenager’s life, from childhood to adulthood, where an individual evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially. It is a defined social category that is expressed through immaturity and unpredictability and allows an individual to learn and discover their sense of self and identity. The idea of adolescence came into perspectiveRead MorePsychology1413 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop new ways of thinking, being, and feeling. At childhood, we might have show certain behaviors that we do not show in adolescence. Not only does our behavior

How The Macroenvironment And The Global National...

3 - Assess the Macroenvironment and the Global National Environment - Sarah Jebreen The financial performance of any business in the clothing retail industry depends on the level of consumption and spending consumers are willing to reach, which is affected by the macroenvironmental factors. Those factors include economic, global, technological, demographic and political and legal forces. First we will start with the Macroeconomic factors. Economic factors can ether have positive or negative impacts on the clothing retail industry. Disposable income is negatively affected during recessionary periods, therefore consumer purchases decline. So that will lead to an increase in the competitive pressures in the industry. Which will lead the company to be stuck with large amounts of unsold inventory. Thus they might have to sell their products with a significant reduction the prices. And that could adversely impact the company’s liquidity, capital resources, results of operations and their continued growth. On the other hand, during an economic growth period, people have more disposable income. Hence, they are willing to buy more clothes, which will ease competitive pressures, and that will result in an opportunity to expand operations and earn higher profits. Thus in today’s growing economy, the macroeconomic factors represent an opportunity for ANN INC. One of the most important macroeconomic factors that affect retail sales is the interest rates of the local banks and

Indirect Taxes Free Essays

Using the appropriate diagrams, explain why the relative burden (incidence) of an indirect tax on the producers on the consumer varies depending on the price elasticity of demand for the good/product. Indirect Tax is a tax placed upon the selling price of a product, so it raises the firm’s cost and shifts the supply curve left or vertically upwards depending on the amount of tax. Because of this shift, less products will be supplied at every price. We will write a custom essay sample on Indirect Taxes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The diagram below shows the effect of imposing a tax and how the tax is being paid. There’re two types of indirect taxes, they are ‘Specific Taxes’ and ‘Ad Valorem’. Specific Tax is a fixed amount of tax that is imposed on a product. For example, if the government imposes a tax of $2 per loaf of bread, it will shift the supply curve vertically upwards by the amount of tax, which is S2. This is shown by the diagram below. Ad Valorem, also known as ‘percentage tax’, is a percentage of tax from the selling price of a good. In this case, the supply curve will not shift directly upwards because the gap between the ‘price’ and the ‘price + tax’ will get bigger as the price rises. For example, a packet of cigarette costs $10. If the government imposes a 20% tax per packet, the tax on each packet of cigarette would be $2. This is shown by the diagram below. When the government puts a tax on a product, the product’s price will usually increase in order to achieve maximum profit. Which means that the quantity demanded for the product is likely to decrease. If the demand for a product is very elastic, then a price increase as a result of the imposition of a tax on the product will lead to a relatively large fall in the demand for the product. For example, Waitrose pasta and Tesco Value pasta both cost $5 per pack. However the price of Waitrose pasta increases to $6 because of the rise in tax. This would result an immediate change in demand from Waitrose pasta to Tesco Value pasta instead. This means that the Tesco Value pasta consumers would carry on buying pasta from Tesco, whiles a lot of the Waitrose pasta consumers would switch to buy pasta from Tesco instead of Waitrose. This can be shown by the diagram below. On the other hand, if the government imposes a tax on a product where demand is relatively inelastic, the demand for product will not fall significantly despite the huge rise in price. For example, coffee and tea both cost $5, but coffee has become an absolutely essential drink in the morning, whiles tea is just for people’s interest. If the price of the coffee rises significantly to $10 and the price of tea stays the same, the coffee demanded will not change a lot because people still see it as a necessity good (a good that we can’t live without, or won’t likely to cut back on even when times are tough), and therefore the change in demand would only decrease by a little. This is shown by the diagram below. As we can see from the two diagrams above, the share of the tax burden from consumers and producers varies. The reason for that is because the price elasticity of the demand and supply for the product costs a different shift towards the supply curve. Another reason is because there are other firms (different numbers of firms, the size of a firm) producing the same good, causing competition. Therefore, the relative burden of an indirect tax on the producers and consumers would vary depending on the price elasticity of demand for the good/product. How to cite Indirect Taxes, Essay examples

The Great Depression Essays (436 words) - Economy, Great Depression

The Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic downfall ever in United States history, began late in 1929. Supposedly triggered by the stock market crash. It lasted for nearly a decade. The main cause for the depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part of that same decade. The devastating economic losses of the 1930s were not limited just to the United States: the effects were also felt in Europe. While Americans were prospering in the 1920s, Europeans were struggling to rebuild themselves after World War I. Factories, homes, and farms had been destroyed in the war. George Orwell states ?several hundred men risk their lives and several hundred women scrabble in the mud for hours?searching for tiny chips of coal? so they could heat their homes. The war even devastated European businesses. Tariffs such as the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922 and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 made Europeans unable to sell reasonable quantities of their own goods in the United States. Countries such as Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, Russia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, and Poland borrowed money from the United States government in order to support themselves. By time the 1930s came about and the war had passed, these countries were in no economic position to repay their debts. In Britain, the Conservative party tried to increase the amount of exports by decreasing the value of the pound. They also lowered interest rates on loans in order to gain the interest of industry. These Conservative ideas failed. Unemployment started to drastically decline when Britain began to rearm. Whereas Britain suffered severe economic problems before the Great Depression, France was for the most part prosperous. ?Industrial and agricultural production expanded, tourism increased, and the currency was stable. ? France felt the effects of the Great Depression by the decline in trade and production as well as the increase in unemployment. The policies of the New Deal relieved the situation at hand, but complete recovery from the depression came about only with the heavy defense spending in the 1940s. The Great Depression is a broad subject viewed by numerous aspects. All of which go into great detail. No matter how you depict the harsh time in economic history, the bond between the effects of the United States and of Europe can be described as follows: The weak international economy of the 1930s. Europe was reliant upon U.S. loans to buy U.S. goods, and the U.S. needed Europe to buy these goods to prosper. History Essays

Free Essays on Trung Sisters

During the 1,000 years under Chinese control, the Vietnamese people engaged in a continual struggle against their ruler. In 3 BC, a large amount of Chinese mandarins invaded Nam Viet, taking over land and farms previously owned by Vietnamese people. The Chinese also made demands to the Viet people in the form of high tributary payments. They monopolized the production of salt and iron for their personal gains. They also forced assimilation of its culture throughout the population. Various members of the Vietnamese aristocracy often led the struggles. The skirmishes between the Chinese authority and Vietnamese people occurred mainly in the outer Tonking provinces. Two women, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, led one of these uprisings in 39 AD. In 36 AD, Su Ting (To Dinh) replaced Tich Quang, as governor of Giao Chi was significantly dishonest and greedy. In "Dong Quan Han Ky", the author wrote: "His eyes widened at the sight of money." These Hans demanded bribes, levied unreasonable taxation on salt and handicraft products. They also taxed the local people for fishing from the rivers. They oppressed the Vietnamese people, their children and families. Both the peasant and Au Lac gentry’s classes deeply resented the colonialist government. King Hung Vuong came from Me-linh (present time, Ha Tay Vinh Phu provinces). Although he worked for the Hans, he continued to maintain his personal affection for his country people. It was due to his patriotism that he gained the love and trust of the common people. His wife, Man Thien was equally committed to the same affection and purpose towards the people. They had two daughters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi. These young women grew up witnessing the cruel Chinese treatment of the Vietnamese people. Their compassion for the people fueled their deep-seated hatred of the Chinese. They spent their time studying the art of warfare, weaponry and fighting skills. Chu Dien, located next to the town of Me-linh... Free Essays on Trung Sisters Free Essays on Trung Sisters During the 1,000 years under Chinese control, the Vietnamese people engaged in a continual struggle against their ruler. In 3 BC, a large amount of Chinese mandarins invaded Nam Viet, taking over land and farms previously owned by Vietnamese people. The Chinese also made demands to the Viet people in the form of high tributary payments. They monopolized the production of salt and iron for their personal gains. They also forced assimilation of its culture throughout the population. Various members of the Vietnamese aristocracy often led the struggles. The skirmishes between the Chinese authority and Vietnamese people occurred mainly in the outer Tonking provinces. Two women, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, led one of these uprisings in 39 AD. In 36 AD, Su Ting (To Dinh) replaced Tich Quang, as governor of Giao Chi was significantly dishonest and greedy. In "Dong Quan Han Ky", the author wrote: "His eyes widened at the sight of money." These Hans demanded bribes, levied unreasonable taxation on salt and handicraft products. They also taxed the local people for fishing from the rivers. They oppressed the Vietnamese people, their children and families. Both the peasant and Au Lac gentry’s classes deeply resented the colonialist government. King Hung Vuong came from Me-linh (present time, Ha Tay Vinh Phu provinces). Although he worked for the Hans, he continued to maintain his personal affection for his country people. It was due to his patriotism that he gained the love and trust of the common people. His wife, Man Thien was equally committed to the same affection and purpose towards the people. They had two daughters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi. These young women grew up witnessing the cruel Chinese treatment of the Vietnamese people. Their compassion for the people fueled their deep-seated hatred of the Chinese. They spent their time studying the art of warfare, weaponry and fighting skills. Chu Dien, located next to the town of Me-linh...

Longfellows The Rainy Day

Longfellow's 'The Rainy Day' Children across New England are familiar with the works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, whose Paul Reveres Ride has been recited at many a grade school pageant. Longfellow, born in Maine in 1807, became an epic poet of sorts for American history, writing about the American Revolution in the way bards of old wrote about conquests across Europe. The Life of Longfellow Longfellow the second-oldest in a family of eight children, was a teacher at Bowdoin College in Maine, and later at Harvard University. Longfellows first wife Mary died in 1831 following a miscarriage, while they were traveling in Europe. The couple had been married for only four years. He did not write for several years following her death, but she inspired his poem Footsteps of Angels. In 1843, after years of trying to win her over for nearly a decade, Longfellow married his second wife Frances. The two had six children together. During their courtship, Longfellow often walked from his home in Cambridge, crossing the Charles River, to Frances family home in Boston. The bridge he crossed during those walks is now officially known as the Longfellow Bridge. But his second marriage ended in tragedy as well; in 1861 Frances died of burns she suffered after her dress caught fire. Longfellow was himself burned trying to save her  and grew his famous beard to cover the scars left behind on his face. He died in 1882, a month after people around the country celebrated his 75th birthday. Body of Work Longfellows best-known works include epic poems such as The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline, and poetry collections such as Tales of a Wayside Inn. He also wrote well-known ballad-style poems such as The Wreck of the Hesperus, and Endymion. He was the first American writer to translate Dantes Divine Comedy.  Longfellows admirers included President Abraham Lincoln, and fellow writers Charles Dickens and Walt Whitman. Analysis of The Rainy Day This 1842 poem has the famous line Into each life some rain must fall, meaning that everyone will experience difficulty and heartache at some point. The day is a metaphor for life. Written after the death of his first wife and before he married his second wife, The Rainy Day has been interpreted as a deeply personal look into Longfellows psyche and state of mind. Here is the complete text of Henry Wadsworth Longfellows The Rainy Day. The day is cold, and dark, and dreary;It rains, and the wind is never weary;The vine still clings to the moldering wall,But at every gust the dead leaves fall,And the day is dark and dreary.My life is cold, and dark, and dreary;It rains, and the wind is never weary;My thoughts still cling to the moldering Past,But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blastAnd the days are dark and dreary.Be still, sad heart! and cease repining;Behind the clouds is the sun still shining;Thy fate is the common fate of all,Into each life some rain must fall,Some days must be dark and dreary.

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example This will enable the business to lure more customers and compete favorably with other players in the industry. Further, they will have to extract useful information that will assist them in identifying new markets and targets. The business has to adopt new means of advertisement such using the use of the media in order to reach to more customers. Among the current social networks and media firms, facebook has proven to be the most efficient and reliable in giving information to millions of users within a very short time. As part of product development, Dog-Gone stylin’ has embarked on selling pet therapy products to customers. For instance, they sell Spa products like bandanas and shampoo that clients use to groom their pets. In the product development, the marketing team will have to diversify the products to various clients. The marketing mix is achieved in the sense that the company offers one-on-one services to enable clients relax. Further, they can go an extent of taking the services to a client’s home to avoid transportation of pets. Branding and packaging of the product is very essential, but in this case, it is challenging to develop a strong that might clients due to lack of products that they compare with. In such a business, branding requires patience and time. As part of packaging strategy, it is significant to develop a handout that includes all the pet grooming services and their prices, photos of dogs prior to and after grooming in order enable customers to view the outcome of the

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process - Essay Example Bentley's (1908) research offered preliminary insights on how advocacy groups affect the policy process. After Bentley's research, numerous studies on interest groups followed, with each study revealing the importance of interest groups to the policymaking process and the difficulty of measuring the impact of interest group influence on the policymaking process (Baumgartner & Leech, 1998, p. 45-46). In addition to interest groups, political scientists also emphasized the role of bureaucrats, policymakers, and the media in the policy process. All of these entities could influence a specific policy subsystem such as agricultural subsidy policy, pesticide regulatory policy, or any policy considered by policymakers. Over the course of 100 years, political scientists used case studies and quantitative analyses to further examine the impact of these variables on the policy process. By the late 1980s, this collection of research helped to provide the theoretical backdrop to models such as the ACF and PE that attempted to theorize about policy process. The ACF owes much of its intellectual heritage to research on the impact of interest groups on the policy process. This line of research started in the early 1900s and can be roughly divided into four eras. In the first era, lasting from 1900- 1930s, researchers examined the pressure tactics of groups and the impact of those tactics on the policy process. Significant works during this era included Arthur Bentley's (1908) The Process of Government. Bentley broadly theorized that groups compete against one another in order to influence governmental processes (p. 222,269). Although Bentley was not concerned with constructing specific theories on group activity, his research was the first to suggest that groups influenced the policy process. It also helped political scientists refocus their research efforts to other aspects of government aside from legalistic examinations of governing institutions (Bentley, 1908, p. 162). Similar works that examined the role of interest groups, or pressure groups as they were commonly known during this period, followed with each work examining the importance of interest groups in policymaking and reconciling that notion with theories of government and democracy (Griffith, 1939; Herring, 1929; Odegard, 1928; Schattschneider, 193 5; see also Cleveland, 19 13; Crawford, 1939; Croly, 19 15; Pollock, 1927; Zeller, 1937). Even more than Arthur Bentley, whose work was generally not even recognized until the 1950s, these researchers made the study of interest groups' impact on the policy process noteworthy (Garson, 1978, p. 77). However, it was not until the 1950s that interest group research really became important to political science. During this second era of research, lasting approximately from the 1940s- 1960s, the study of interest group influence on the policy process reached its scholarly zenith as the administrative size of the federal government increased. Research during this time period reaffirmed the importance of interest groups to policymaking (Griffith, 195 1 ; Latham, 1952; Truman, 1951 ; see also Key, 1952; McConnell, 1966). Some of the most influential research also extended the notion of interest group influence on the policy process to the notion that interest groups, policymakers, and agencies jointly controlled the policy proc

High-tech Snooping Threatens Our Privacy :: Free Argumentative Essays

High-tech Snooping Threatens Our Privacy The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution states: The right of the people to be secure in their person's houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The Fourth Amendment values privacy in the home and protects people's privacy from unlawful search and invasion. This topic interests me because I am concerned about the recent use of thermal imaging and the ways it could be used to invade the average citizen's privacy. Thermal imaging devices allows police to view heat as a visible light image. When police use this technique as a means of gathering evidence before a warrant is obtained, it can be said to violate our guaranteed Fourth Amendment rights under the Constitution. In the recent Supreme Court case, Kyllo v. United Sates, "the Supreme Court held that police use of a thermal imaging device to scan a suspect's residence violated his right under the Fourth Amendment. The decision had reversed a federal appeals court ruling finding the scan lawful" (Is warrantless?). In the case cited, police suspected Kyllo was growing marijuana in his home. They used a thermal imaging device from across the street to scan Kyllo's home to see if the level of heat escaping from it was consistent with high-intensity lights used to grow marijuana indoors. The result of the scan showed that portions of Kyllo's home were relatively hot compared to the rest of his home. Using the result of the scan, as well as other information, police obtained a warrant to search Kyllo's home, and found a marijuana-growing operation in their search. When the trial court refused to suppress the evidence, Kyllo appealed to the federal court and challenged the legality of the search, saying a search warrant should have been obtained prior to using the thermal imaging device. Law-enforcement officials argued that a warrant was not required before a using technological surveillance device that merely records information about a home that is exposed to public view. The federal appeals court affirmed the trial court's decision, finding that Kyllo had no subjective expectation of privacy because he did not try to conceal the heat escaping from his home. Even if he had, the appeals court said, there was no objectively reasonable expectation of privacy because the thermal imager did not expose any intimate details of Kyllo's life, only vague hot spots on his home's exterior.

Mitigating Global Warming Essay

Change in global climate became a widely accepted social problem in the last two decades. However, in those early days, controversies existed about the certainty of global warming; while scientist and environmentalist pointed out that the world was getting hotter due to the increasing release of greenhouse gases and other human activities, multinational corporations and some national governments refuted such claims, under the guise that there were no sufficient scientific evidence to support such claims (McCright and Dunlap, 2000). Fortunately or unfortunately, recent scientific evidences point, irrefutably, to the fact that the world is indeed getting dangerously hotter. The Stanford SOLAR Center defines global warming as the ‘gradual increase in planet wide temperatures, while McCright and Dunlap (2000) defines it as ‘discernable increase in mean global temperature resulting from the release of greenhouse gases produced by human activities’ (p. 499). Whichever way global warming is defined, the apparent truth, as has been voiced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the U. S National Research Council, the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and countless other bodies and research institutions, is that the globe is hotter than it has ever been in history and if nothing urgent is done, serious danger looms. The Problem In the early days when stories about a warming earth was first heard, there were several counterclaims and numerous challenges to scientist to prove that the earth was indeed getting hotter. In recent times, however, it is clear that the issue of global warming has passed that stage. There are now countless irrefutable evidences from both government and private interests to show that there is indeed a problem at hand. The Stanford SOLAR Center points out that it is certain now that the earth is presently the hottest it has been in at least 400years and possibly even over the last 2,000years. It has been shown that the mean global surface temperature has increased by an estimated 0. 5-1. 0 °F (0. 3-0. 6 °C) within the last century alone and this is documented as the largest temperature rise in surface temperature over the last 1,000years. The IPCC (2007a) also states that eleven of the last twelve years (1995-2006) rank among the twelve hottest years since record of global surface temperature started in 1850. They also stated that from 1900 to 2005, precipitation increased significantly in the eastern parts of the North and South America, Northern Europe and Northern and Central Asia and that the most significant increases were experienced from 1970 onward. To buttress this stand, the body pointed out that in the last fifty years, cold days and cold nights have been significantly infrequent, while hot days and hot nights have become more frequent. The frequency and intensity of heat waves and heavy precipitation events over land areas have increased globally, especially since 1975. Further, there is irrefutable evidence that the average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the last half of the 20th century were the highest observable in any fifty year period over the last 500years and possibly the highest in the last 1300 years. All these hard facts point to the same conclusion; the earth is getting hotter, faster than any time in history and the trend does not look like it is ready to reverse. We have a grave global problem on our hands, which require urgent and drastic steps. The Causes Before recommendations can be made about how to go about mitigating this Herculean problem, it is pertinent to first provide a brief overview of the causes of this problem. In most studies and reports, the release of greenhouse gases (e. g. , carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and their substitutes, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. ) have been severally indicted as the primary cause of the problem. It is important to know that these gases, especially carbon dioxide methane and nitrous oxide, are natural components of the atmosphere. These gases reabsorb the heat reflected from the earth surface, regulating Earth’s temperature, which is essential for life. However, since the industrial revolution of the 1700s, these gases have been released into the atmosphere in higher than normal concentration, thus offsetting the normal balance. Carbon dioxide is released from burning fossil fuels and other industrial activities, while deforestation and increasing land use, causes more nitrogen oxide gases to be released into the atmosphere. The increasing concentration of the gases in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from the earth, preventing additional thermal radiation from leaving the earth and thus excessively increasing the temperature of the earth’s surface (Global Warming, 2008; IPCC, 2007a; IPCC, 2007b). Another factor that has been indicted in the cause of global warming is solar variability; changes in the heating capacity of the sun. Studies on the sun activities have shown that the sun exhibit slight variation in activity. Although, this has been named as one of the factors responsible for global warming, there exists consensus that the role of solar variability, if present at all, is very minimal. Solar irradiance measured over the last 30 years has shown changes of only a few tenths in solar activity, and this depends essentially on the solar 11-year cycle. The NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), in this regard, states that â€Å"The Sun is once again less bright as we approach solar minimum, yet global warming continues. Eventually, we are left with greenhouse emission as the primary cause of global warming. Why We Must Act Now That the earth is warming up might sound far fetched to many, however, the report the global warming is already having its toll on, not just the environment, but also on plants and animal lives, will drive the point home. The IPCC reports that changes in snow, ice frozen ground can be attributed to global warming. Ice melting has caused sea levels to increase continually, with the resultant flooding experienced in several parts of the globe. The reduction in snow and ice cover over mountains and frozen ground and reportedly increased the number and size of glacial lakes, increased ground instability in mountain and other permafrost regions and led to changes in some Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems. Changes in algal, plankton and fish abundance can be linked to increasing water temperatures as well as related changes in ice cover, salinity, oxygen levels and circulation. And these are just a tip of the iceberg, of the results and pending results of global warming. To make matters worst, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that â€Å"with current climate change mitigation policies and related sustainable development practices, global greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow over the next few decades† (IPCC, 2007a p. 4). The implication is that something better and more drastic needs to be done to curtail global warming. Recommendations The IPCC states rightly that a wide variety of national policies and instruments are available for the nation to create the right incentive for mitigation action. Since the primary and most significant cause of global warming has been identified to be greenhouse gas emission, several policy instruments exist to curb emission of the gases, at least to reduce the emission to reasonable limits. Government must set stringent regulations and standards for greenhouse gas emission. Large and small corporations must be enticed or forced (whichever is appropriate) to obey these regulations on gas emission. Taxes and charges can also be used to control gas emission. For example, setting a higher price for carbon emission will drive large corporations to look for more cost effective ways of disposing their waste or stay within their gas emission limits. Another modern way of reducing gas emission is through gas tradable permits. Companies that can efficiently manage their gas emission below their limits could sell such gas emission points to other corporations. Government can also provide incentives, such as subsidies and tax credits to companies that develop more efficient and better technologies of managing gas emission. This could drive large corporations to spend more on R&D as it concerns gas emission management. Governments might also enter into mutual agreement with industries, though it is reported that the majority of such agreements have not yielded any significant gas emission reduction, it should be hoped that better understanding between both parties created through such agreements would eventually pay off. Automobiles and other individual items also add to the greenhouse gas build up in the atmosphere, therefore, increased information campaigns about the dangers of global warming would increase awareness in the populace. This could help influence behavioral changes, such as increasing preferences for items that do not negatively impact the environment e. g. fuel economy cars. The impact of such changes might be difficult to measure, however any step, instrument or policies that could reduce greenhouse gas emission in whatever level or degree should be welcomed. Bibliography Global Warming (2008). Stanford SOLAR Center. Available at http://solar-center. stanford. edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm. html (Mar 14, 2008). Goddard Institute for Space Studies (1999). Link Between Solar Cycle and Climate is Blowin’ in the Wind. NASA: New York N. Y. Available at http://www. giss. nasa. gov/research/news/19990408/ (Mar 14, 2008). Human Impacts on Climate (2003). American Geophysical Union. Available at http://www. agu. org/sci_soc/policy/positions/climate_change. shtml (Mar 14, 2008). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2007a). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, L. A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2007b). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, L. A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. McCright, M Aaron and Riley E. Dunlap (2000). Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement’s Counter-Claims. Social Problems, 47(4): pp. 499-522.

Cómo obtener copia certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU.

El certificado de nacimiento en Estados Unidos es un documento que prueba que la persona es ciudadana de ese paà ­s. Se utiliza como evidencia para sacar el pasaporte americano y otros documentos legales como, por ejemplo, la tarjeta del Seguro Social, la licencia de manejar o para probar identidad para casarse. La necesidad de obtener una copia và ¡lida del certificado de nacimiento puede surgir tanto a los ciudadanos que se encuentran dentro de Estados Unidos como a aquellas personas que nacieron aquà ­ pero viven en otro paà ­s y quieren tramitar su pasaporte americano en una oficina consular u otro trà ¡mite. Es posible que se requiera obtener la apostilla de la Haya para utilizar en otro paà ­s el certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU. -excluyendo gestiones en el consulado americano. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre cuà ¡les son las caracterà ­sticas de una copia và ¡lida del certificado de nacimiento, quà © no puede ser utilizado en su sustitucià ³n, cà ³mo solicitar una copia y quà © problemas pueden surgir. Ademà ¡s, se explica las diferencias entre un certificado de nacimiento y un reporte consular de nacimiento en el exterior. Caracterà ­sticas del certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU. Desde 2011, el Departamento de Estado pide que los certificados de nacimiento, que se conocen en inglà ©s como birth certificates, contengan los nombres completos del padre y de la madre. Salvo en los casos en los que sà ³lo cuente con un progenitor reconocido, pero tambià ©n deberà ¡ figurar el nombre completo. Ademà ¡s, deberà ¡n constar el nombre completo del recià ©n nacido, su sexo y la fecha de nacimiento y el lugar. Es muy comà ºn que, asimismo, los certificados de nacimiento incluyan la hora de nacimiento, si fue un parto mà ºltiple con gemelos, trillizos, etc, el lugar de residencia de los padres y el lugar y fecha de nacimiento del padre y de la madre. En la mayorà ­a de los estados, los certificados de nacimiento tienen un nà ºmero de registro formado por 11 dà ­gitos. Los 3 primeros corresponden al estado de nacimiento. Asà ­, en el caso de California es el 104, en el de Texas, el 142 y el de Nueva York el 131 excepto en la ciudad de NY, que se utiliza el 156. Finalmente, el documento deberà ¡ tener un sello levantado, impreso o multicolor de la autoridad que lo emite, que deberà ¡ ser el estado, el condado o la ciudad, dependiendo de las leyes del estado en las que tuvo lugar el nacimiento. Ademà ¡s deberà ¡ estar firmado por el encargado del registro y constar la fecha del certificado. Bajo ninguna circunstancia puede utilizarse para asuntos legales el certificado entregado a los padres por el hospital en el que tuvo lugar el nacimiento y en el que frecuentemente aparecen las huellas del pie o las dactilares del bebà ©. Ese papel es solamente un recuerdo. Cà ³mo se solicita un certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU. El gobierno federal no emite este tipo de documentacià ³n. Hay que solicitarla en el estado o territorio de Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo, Puerto Rico, en el que tuvo lugar el nacimiento. Aquà ­ està ¡n las direcciones para contactar con la que se necesite. En general se permite enviar la peticià ³n a una direccià ³n de correo fà ­sica o incluso se puede solicitar el certificado por internet. Hay que pagar una pequeà ±a cuota y, dependiendo de los estados, se permite realizar el abono con una tarjeta de crà ©dito, dà ©bito, chequera de los Estados Unidos. Algunos estados permiten que se solicite una tramitacià ³n exprà ©s. En todo caso, hay que permitir unos dà ­as porque todos los certificados deben notarizarse. Ademà ¡s, existen empresas privadas autorizadas para colaborar en los trà ¡mites como por ejemplo Vitalcheck y usbirthcertificate. Problemas que pueden surgir con el certificado de nacimiento Un problema que se puede plantear es que certificado de nacimiento contenga algà ºn dato errà ³neo como, por ejemplo, el nombre o el apellido està ¡ mal deletreado, se equivocaron en la fecha de nacimiento o incluso en el sexo. En este caso es necesario comunicarse con la Oficina de rà ©cords vitales del estado en la que tuvo lugar el nacimiento y seguir sus instrucciones para corregir el error. Cada estado exige requisitos distintos, por lo que no es posible informar sobre quà © hacer para cada caso particular. Otro problema que puede surgir es que, por la razà ³n que sea, no es posible encontrar el certificado de nacimiento. En estos casos, es posible probar la ciudadanà ­a Americana con documentacià ³n secundaria, como por ejemplo el Certificado retrasado de nacimiento o la Carta de falta de rà ©cord. Subrayar que nunca jamà ¡s sirve como prueba de la ciudadanà ­a americana la tarjeta del Nà ºmero de la Seguridad Social, la tarjeta de votante o la de haberse licenciado tras prestar servicio en cualquiera de las ramas del Ejà ©rcito americano (Marines, Aire, Tierra, Mar o Guardia Nacional). Otro problema es que, en la actualidad, algunos condados en el sur de Texas niegan el certificado de nacimiento a los nià ±os nacidos allà ­ pero cuyos padres son indocumentados. En este caso se recomienda contactar con un abogado o una organizacià ³n de defensa de los derechos de los migrantes con experiencia en este problema. Finalmente, se està ¡n dando casos en los que personas nacidas en Estados Unidos no pueden obtener el pasaporte estadounidense o renovarlo porque el Departamento de Estado desconfà ­a sobre la autenticidad del certificado de nacimiento. Este tipo de problemas puede darse por distintas razones, por ejemplo, cuando el nacimiento tuvo lugar en la vivienda de la madre y se tardà ³ en registrar oficialmente. En estos casos, es necesario probar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense recurriendo a un conjunto de documentos como el certificado de bautismo, rà ©cords de escuela y de trabajo, declaraciones juradas, etc. Certificado de nacimiento y Reporte consular de nacimiento El certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU. es un documento diferente al Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el extranjero, que deben solicitar las personas que son ciudadanas americanas a pesar de haber nacido en el extranjero porque su padre, su madre o ambos son estadounidenses. Estos documentos no los emiten ni las Embajadas ni los Consulados, sino que si se quiere obtener una copia debe contactarse con el Departamento de Estado en Washington. Otros certificados vitales: fallecimiento, matrimonio o divorcio Las oficinas de los estados que emiten los certificados de nacimiento tambià ©n suministran los de fallecimiento, matrimonio o divorcio. Si necesita obtenerlos siempre pueda contactar con ellas por correo o por telà ©fono. Para buscar los datos de la oficina que corresponde ponga en su navegador el internet el nombre del estado donde solicita el rà ©cord y aà ±ada, entre comillas, vital record office. Puntos clave El certificado de nacimiento en EE.UU. prueba la ciudadanà ­a estadounidenseEl certificado del hospital no tiene ningà ºn valor legalSon và ¡lidos los certificados emitidos, firmados y sellados por una autoridadPuede solicitarse a una empresa privada la obtencià ³n de un certificado vital Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.